Many of the specifics of activity theory set out below derive, at least in their original form, from Leontiev's work. This article can only briefly review Leont'ev'sĬontributions. Thus, Luria goes on to argue, explanation of complex phenomena such as human activity "is supposed to lie not in its reduction to single elements but rather in its inclusion in a rich net of essentialĪfter Vygotsky's early death, Leontiev became the leader of the activity theory research group and extended the framework in significantly new ways. Instead of the elementary scheme S→ R (‘ S’ for stimulus, ‘ R’ for reflex), he proposed a new scheme S→ x→ R) where S stands for stimulus, x for means (tool or sign), and R for reflex." he suggested that the simplest form of behaviour can be found in tool- or sign-using, where a tool (or sign) can be used to reach a certain goal. Luria explains this: "Vygotsky supposed that higher mental processes are of a social origin. The notion of tool as a form of "mediated action" which "is externally oriented must lead to changes in objects". (natural) mental processes by psychological tools (artificial devices for mastering mental processes) and internalisation." Vygotsky provided the initial impetus towards activity theory by introducing Is constructed through a subject's interactions with the world and is an attribute of the relationship between subject and object." Vygotsky also provided a "concept of the mediation of elementary Verenikina discusses Vygotsky's contribution, beginning with the remark that "Vygotsky's life goal was to create a psychology adequate for the investigation of consciousness. This work was subsequently developed by researhers such as Pushkin, Zinchenko & Gordeeva, Ponomarenko, Zarakovsky and others, as is currently most well-known through the work on systemic-structural activity theory being carried out by G. Bernshtein (1896-1966), more directly concerned with the neurophysiological basis of activity its foundation is associated with the Soviet philosopher of psychology S. The second major line of development within AT involves scientists, such as P. Leont'ev's formulation of general activity theory is currently the most influential in post-Soviet developments in AT, which have largely been in social-scientific and organizational, rather than psychological research. Vygotsky founded cultural-historical psychology, an important strand in the activity approach Leont’ev, one of the principal founders of activity theory, both continued, and reacted against, Vygotsky's work. The first is associated with the Moscow Institute of Psychology and in particular the troika of young and gifted researchers, Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky (1896–1934), Alexander Romanovich Luria (1902–77) and Alexei Nikolaevich Leont'ev (1903–79). This account will focus on two of the most important of these strands. The origins of activity theory can be traced to several sources, which have subsequently having given rise to various complementary and intertwined strands of development. 1.4 Activity theory and information systems.
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